Los autores se preguntan por el aporte real de los biocombustibles a la solución de los problemas ambientales. Después de analizar las actuales formas de producción en Brasil, sostienen que la expansión de éstos presionará indirectamente hacia la deforestación, contribuyendo así aún más al calentamiento global. Señalan lo falaz del discurso que justifica la expansión de los biocombustibles por su aporte a la generación de empleo. Sostienen que es fundamental incorporar los requerimentos de sostenibilidad en la cadena de producción para (...) garantizar competitividad a los países potencialmente exportadores, pero que aún así esa solución es limitada ya que todas las energías alternativas y renovables juntas, no suplirían las proyecciones del patrón de consumo mundial. (shrink)

The literature has indicated some approximations between Skinner’s and Wittgenstein’s proposals, such as a critical standpoint on traditional psychological language conceptions. For Wittgenstein, the critique refers to the impossibility of a private language. On the other hand, Skinner’s critique culminates in defense of the concept of private events. However, this concept seems inconsistent with Wittgenstein’s proposal. Based on this assumption, this paper aims to reevaluate the role of the concept of ‘private events’ in Skinnerian behaviorism in the light of Wittgenstein’s (...) critical discussions. For this, Wittgenstein’s and Skinner’s proposals were systematically compared. It is concluded that the concept of private events is not to escape Wittgenstein’s criticisms of the traditional psychological language. (shrink)

Peer review is a widely accepted instrument for raising the quality of science. Peer review limits the enormous unstructured influx of information and the sheer amount of dubious data, which in its absence would plunge science into chaos. In particular, peer review offers the benefit of eliminating papers that suffer from poor craftsmanship or methodological shortcomings, especially in the experimental sciences. However, we believe that peer review is not always appropriate for the evaluation of controversial hypothetical science. We argue that (...) the process of peer review can be prone to bias towards ideas that affirm the prior convictions of reviewers and against innovation and radical new ideas. Innovative hypotheses are thus highly vulnerable to being “filtered out” or made to accord with conventional wisdom by the peer review process. Consequently, having introduced peer review, the Elsevier journal Medical Hypotheses may be unable to continue its tradition as a radical journal allowing discussion of improbable or unconventional ideas. Hence we conclude by asking the publisher to consider re-introducing the system of editorial review to Medical Hypotheses. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to explore the role of voices as cues to adults of children’s needs for potential caregiving during early childhood. To this purpose, 74 college students listened to pairs of 5-year-old versus 10-year-old children verbalizing neutral-content sentences and indicated which voice was better associated with each of 14 traits, potentially meaningful in interactions between young children and adults. Results indicated that children with immature voices were perceived more positively and as being more helpless than (...) children with mature voices. Children’s voices, regardless of the content of speech, seem to be a powerful source of information about children’s need for caregiving for parents and others during the first six years of life. (shrink)

Certain characteristics of childhood immaturity (e.g., infantile facial features) may have been favored by natural selection to evoke positive feelings in adults. We propose that some aspects of cognitive immaturity might also endear young children to adults. In two studies, adults rated expressions of mature and immature thinking attributed to children. Immature thinking in which children expressed a supernatural explanation elicited positive affect reactions, whereas other forms of immature thinking, which made no attribution to supernatural causation, were responded to (...) negatively. This pattern was found for parents and others, males and females, American and Spanish college students, and for target children 3 to 9 years of age. We suggest that persistence of supernatural thinking in adulthood causes people to view the expressions of such thinking in children in a positive manner, fostering nurturance of young children who display them. (shrink)

This thesis consists in six articles and a comprehensive summary. • The pourpose of the summary is to introduce the AGM theory of belief change and to exemplify the diversity and significance of the research that has been inspired by the AGM article in the last 25 years. The research areas associated with AGM was divided in three parts: criticisms, where we discussed some of the more common criticisms of AGM. Extensions where the most common extensions and variations of AGM (...) are presented and applications where we provided an overview of applications and connections with other areas of research. • Article I elaborates on the connection between partial meet contractions [AGM85] and kernel contractions [Han94a] in belief change theory. Also both functions are equivalent in belief sets, there are notequivalent in belief bases. A way to define incision functions from selection functions and vice versa is presented. It is explained under which conditions there are exact correspondences between selection and incision functions so that the same contraction operations can be obtained by using either of them. • Article II proposes an axiomatic characterization for ensconcement-based contraction functions, belief base functions proposed byWilliams and relates this function with other kinds of base contraction functions. • Article III adapts the Fermé and Hansson model of Shielded Contraction [FH01] as well as Hansson et all Credibility-Limited Revision [HFCF01] for belief bases, to join two of the many variations of the AGM model [AGM85], i.e. those in which knowledge is represented through belief bases instead of logic theories, and those in which the object of the epistemic change does not get the priority over the existing information as it is the case in the AGM model. • Article IV introduces revision by comparison a refined method for changing beliefs by specifying constraints on the relative plausibility of propositions. Like the earlier belief revision models, the method proposed is a qualitative one, in the sense that no numbers are needed in order to specify the posterior plausibility of the new information. The method uses reference beliefs in order to determine the degree of entrenchment of the newly accepted piece of information. Two kinds of semantics for this idea are proposed and a logical characterization of the new model is given. • Article V focuses on the extension of AGM that allows change for a belief base by a set of sentences instead of a single sentence. In [FH94], Fuhrmann and Hansson presented an axiomatic for Multiple Contraction and a construction based on the AGM Partial Meet Contraction. This essay proposes for their model another way to construct functions: Multiple Kernel Contraction, that is a modification of Kernel Contraction,proposed by Hansson [Han94a] to construct classical AGM contractions and belief base contractions. • Article VI relates AGM model with the DFT model proposed by Carlos Alchourrón [Alc93]. Alchourrón devoted his last years to the analysis of the notion of defeasible conditionalization. His definition of the defeasible conditional is given in terms of strict implication operator and a modal operator f which is interpreted as a revision function at the language level. This essay points out that this underlying revision function is more general than AGM revision. In addition, a complete characterization of that more general kind of revision that permits to unify models of revision given by other authors is given. (shrink)

O presente artigo deseja expor a apreciação dubitativa do realismo na Primeira Meditação, no intuito de mostrar o impacto dessa ação cartesiana sobre a doutrina da creatio ex nihilo, consolidada filosoficamente por Tomás de Aquino como autêntica cosmologia cristã, em substituição à cosmologia pagã erguida sobre o princípio ex nihilo nihil fit. Faremos, primeiramente, uma breve exposição dos fundamentos realistas que embasam as provas da criação elaboradas pelo Aquinate. Em seguida, apresentaremos como a submissão do realismo ao método cartesiano da (...) dúvida acarreta o inevitável desmoronamento do edifício cosmológico cristão. (shrink)

This essay was a speech pronounced in UNICAMP. It was written for Habermas' brasilian visiting expected at the second semester of the past year. Its unmediate goal was to give some informations about the last Habermas' reflections. Therefore, it tried to insert Habermas' proposal of a "communicative reason" in our days with the generalized irruption of fragmentaries, relativistic and irrationalistic discursive forms . Without claiming to exhaust a so complex subjet, it also tried to put some questions about the critical-cognitive (...) possibilities of the linguistic turn of Habermas' and Apel's philosophy.Este ensaio originalmente foi uma comunicação apresentada na UNICAMP. Foi escrito a propósito da visita de Habermas ao Brasil, esperada para o segundo semestre do ano passado. Seu objetivo imediato era fornecer algumas informações sobre as reflexões habermasianas mais recentes. Para isto, tentou-se inserir historicamente a proposta habermasiana de uma "razão comunicativa" no atual contexto de generalizada irrupção de formas discursivas fragmentárias relativistas e irracionalistas . Sem pretender esgotar um tema tão complexo, tentou-se também levantar algumas questões sobre as possibilidades crítico-cognoscitivas da "guinada linguística" da filosofia de Habermas e de Apel. (shrink)

Este texto explora el sentido y la posibilidad de una teoría del conocimiento de los sistemas complejos no lineales. La tesis defendida aquí afirma que el conocimiento de los sistemas complejos tiene que ver con posibilidades antes que con realidades fácticas. Por tanto, el conocimiento se caracteriza por incompletud, incomputabilidad y aleatoriedad, pero con ello el computador adquiere un papel destacado en el estudio de los sistemas complejos. Al final se considera el lugar y la complejidad misma del ser humano (...) como problema complejo. (shrink)

Considerando-se que a oposição entre Eu-não Eu, Sujeito-Objeto, Prazer-Desprazer são os pares de opostos que lançam o indivíduo nos mais significativos vínculos para a estruturação de sua vida anímica, deseja-se aqui pensar em uma “organização psicofisiológica” que vai desde os estímulos pulsionais aos destinos das pulsões. É nesse “circuito de investimentos” que a natureza biológica desse pulsional transbordará — eis o que se procurará defender — para um universo simbólico instanciado pela presença de outros seres humanos. Por fim, defender-se-á que (...) é no cerne da dinâmica das moções pulsionais que o individual encontrar-se-á vinculado aos enigmas das “psiques de massa”: trata-se da relação entre necessidade e satisfação e as exigências da comunidade. (shrink)

Kant and Hegel, applauded the coming of the reason with the Illuminism, and soon after they structure it their own gnoseology. For it the gnoseology of Kant and Hegel, or said otherwise, the transcendental reason and the dialectical one, they are constituted in cosmovisions that allow to explain ..

Education research needs to think about their epistemological grounding. Important concepts like goals and needs can be evaluated through the sociology of education. The essay reviews the main traditions in the area, describes arguments and methods and analyzes the Mexican case.

I argue that two historicities have predominated in the relation between philosophical and historical discourses in the 20th century. One is the historicity of historians, engendered by the birth of the humanities. The other is a philosophical historicity in which the humanist myth persists, especially within the debate opposing structure and difference. This second historicity represents an elimination of the first, as it elaborates many more demands of historicity inherent to the structural model.

O artigo debate a relação entre a concepção da amizade (philia) e a noção de educação no pensamento de Hannah Arendt e as estórias do sertão de João Guimarães Rosa. Arendt concebe a educação como um espaço de mediação e cuidado entre as gerações, em que as mais antigas têm a responsabilidade de introduzir as gerações mais novas no mundo. Considerando essa perspectiva, aborda-se a possibilidade de pensar a ideia da educação que narre estórias que criem um laço de amizade (...) entre gerações no mundo. Mediante o pensamento de Hannah Arendt e a narrativa do sertão de Guimarães Rosa reflete-se uma educação como amizade na responsabilidade que os educadores têm em transmitir um legado, herança cultural, às futuras gerações.Palavras-chave: Educação. Amizade. Hannah Arendt. Guimarães Rosa. (shrink)

Tencionamos com este breve escrito abordar a questão acerca da relação do sujeito com o mundo no âmbito da ordem moral segundo a concepção que dela faz Santo Agostinho, o Mestre do Ocidente. Este tema esteve presente durante toda a carreira do bispo de Hipona assumindo formas diversas e adquirindo nuanças distintivas de acordo com as polêmicas em que se envolvia Agostinho na defesa da fé cristã; porém, acreditamos que a concepção de frui aut uti – segundo a formula latina: (...) uso e fruição – perpassa basicamente toda a sua produção teóricoliterária, e, se inscreve na construção agostiniana de uma ordem moral, ética cristã, ordem que abarca todas as relações, transpessoais, interpessoais, e, por fim, subpessoais, noutras palavras, esta ordem envolve todas as relações possíveis ao homem, segundo o Bispo de Hipona, a relação entre o homem e Deus, entre homem e seus semelhantes e entre o homem e as demais criaturas. Para a consecução deste projeto efetuaremos uma análise exegética de De Doctrina Christiana (I. 20,22), buscando subsídios noutros escritos de Agostinho, sobretudo Confessione e De Civitate Dei através dos quais pretendemos legitimar através do itinerário deste escrito a atualidade da tese agostiniana tendo em vista os graves distúrbios na ordem das relações facilmente detectáveis na Modernidade. Embora saibamos a grandeza das dificuldades implícitas em semelhante proposta e nas discussões dela decorrentes. (shrink)

Wagner lamenta a seu mestre, no início do Fausto de Goethe: “Meu Deus! É longa a arte. E é tão breve nossa vida!”. Decerto a frase não poderia ser aplicada a Ernst Bloch, que nasceu em Ludwigshafen em 1885 e faleceu em Tübingen em 1977, aos 92 anos de idade, deixando uma obra de dimensões monumentais.

This book brings the history of Latin American philosophy to an English-speaking audience through the prominent voices of Mauricio Beuchot, Horacio Cerutti-Guldberg, María Luisa Femenías, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Oscar R. Martí, León Olivé, Carlos Pereda, and Eduardo Rabossi. They argue that Spanish is not a philosophically irrelevant language and that there are original positions to be found in the work of Latin American philosophers.

Rare events have happened ever since the beginning of this universe. However, they have very recently become the subject of study and a category. This paper studies what rare events are and explores a series of epistemological consequences, thereafter, along with its complexity. The paper introduces a brand new understanding about the sciences of complexity, namely the study of unpredictable phenomena. Unpredictability is the ground, the problem, and the support for complexity as such, something that has never been openly set (...) to the fore in the bibliography about the field. Los eventos raros han sucedido desde el comienzo de este universo y, sin embargo, la tematización y categorización de los mismos es un fenómeno perfectamente reciente. Este artículo estudia qué son los eventos raros y explora la tesis y consecuencia de tipo epistemológico y su complejidad. El texto permite por lo demás una nueva comprensión sobre las ciencias de la complejidad, a saber, el estudio de fenómenos impredecibles. La impredecibilidad constituye el piso, el problema y el soporte de la complejidad misma, algo que jamás ha sido puesto explícitamente de manifiesto en la bibliografía sobre el tema. (shrink)

The article presupposes that the term “spirituality”, originally proper to the theological literature, no longer belongs only to this field, and is now widely used in different areas of knowledge. The essay also says that, even within the theological and religious studies, there has never been clarity as to the meaning of “spirituality”, which eventually became a vague and imprecise term, invoked in different situations and in need of a deeper theoretical reflection able to point its history, its development and (...) multiple applications. The vagueness around this concept is increased when “spirituality” is used along with the expression “non-religious”, causing more difficulties of understanding even in the field of religious studies. After delving into these conceptual challenges, the article points to the need for a comprehensive review of the literature in order to identify similarities with other areas of knowledge in recent decades that have progressively absorbed this concept, particularly the fields of arts, psychology, business administration, organizational studies, neuroscience and health sciences. At the end, the article offers challenges and suggestions for the development of the studies around this theme among researches of Religious Sciences in Brazil that privilege interdisciplinary approaches in their research. (shrink)

Partindo da afirmação de Freud de que devemos pensar nos mecanismos psíquicos estruturantes de uma personalidade sondando-os dinamicamente, isto é, considerando a ação conjugada entre dimensão constitucional (destino, forças internas) e vivências contingentes (poderes externos), a oposição entre psicologia individual e psicologia social perde sua nitidez. A série complementar necessidade-contingência requer uma reflexão sobre o processo de individuação que envolve tanto as representações de um passado filogenético (verdade pré-histórica) quanto as vivências casuais de uma biografia (verdade individual). É apoiado nesse (...) contexto que Spielrein e Freud possibilitarão refletir sobre o modo pelo qual a morte, a destruição, o aniquilamento poderão ser compreendidos como possibilidade de transformação e devir: entre a psique do Eu (autoconservação) e a psique da espécie (diluição do Eu em um Nós) o indiferenciado (atemporal) é espacializado e temporalizado. (shrink)

The Law N. 14,133/2021 (New Bidding Law) inaugurated a new moment in public administration as it brought several innovations that were not seen in previous legislation, with greater emphasis on the issue of governance and creation of procedures that seek to provide effectiveness the integrity of public procurement. Meanwhile, like all legislation with an innovative bias, some institutes end up envying a subjectivism that makes it difficult to understand, based on the legislation as a whole, the “will of the legislator”. (...) It is a fact that senior management, so-called executive managers of public bodies, have been established a series of duties, as noted in arts. 7th, 11, sole paragraph, 19 and others of Law no. 14,133/2021. However, the legislation was silent regarding the liability of such public agents in the case of the practice of defective acts by other agents subject to their management. From this perspective, the present study aims to unveil, in light of the legislation and the existing controlled case, the responsibility of the public administration senior management agent in the case of defective acts carried out by other agents subject to their management. To this end, the deductive method will be used, supported by bibliographical research carried out in books, magazines, legislation and contracts. (shrink)

Resumen Este texto formula una teoría de los problemas complejos, que trata de distinguir cuándo y cómo un problema puede ser dicho como complejo y cuándo no. Un mundo diferente de suma cero, altamente entreverado, con múltiples sensibilidades y con crisis sistémicas y sistemáticas demanda una teoría de problemas complejos, inexistente a la fecha. Negativamente, las comprensiones o aproximaciones analíticas son insuficientes. Es precisa una estructura sintética sobre los problemas. Para ello, tres ejes emergen como referencias: la teoría matemática de (...) nudos, la teoría de la complejidad computacional y los problemas retorcidos. Este texto elabora una síntesis de estos tres ejes y propone una teoría para problemas entrelazados, dinámicos, difíciles, con fuertes implicaciones en varios planos y contextos entre sí. En una cuarta sección se trata de apreciar cómo la teoría de los problemas complejos contribuye a la epistemología de las ciencias sociales. Abstract This paper brings forth a theory of complex problems, distinguishing when and why a problem can be said to be complex, and when and why not. A world of non-zero sum, highly intertwined, with multiple sensitivities, with systemic and systematic crises requires a theory of complex systems, which does not exist today. Negatively said, analytical understandings and approaches are insufficient. It is needed, we argue, a synthetic structure regarding problems. Henceforth three axes emerge as referents: mathematical knots theory, theory of computational complexity, and the wicked problems. This paper consists of a synthesis of the three axes, and develops a theory for problems highly intertwined, dynamic, difficult, and with strong implications in various levels and contexts. A fourth section is devoted to the study of how the epistemology of the social sciences can benefit from the theory of complex systems. (shrink)

This article traces the historical roots and origins of the concept of the “axial age” until it reaches its moment of consolidation, with the book The Origin and Goal of History, originally published in 1949, by Karl Jaspers. In addition, some contemporary authors are analyzed who, based on a critical examination of the concept, propose to update it. By analyzing the epistemological characteristics of each of these stages, we can show which elements continue and at the same time which elements (...) change in the understanding of the axial age. While in the first two phases (historical and philosophical), there was a greater emphasis on the simultaneity and equality between civilizations, its shift to the field of sociology (phase 3) implied a greater emphasis on the diversity of civilizations. We also point out that in the current phase, unlike the previous stages, the concept shifts from the analysis of pre-modern civilizations to the analysis of modern civilization as a type of axial era. Despite these shifts and changes, we understand that there is a common basis present in all phases of the discussion. In addition, the research concludes that, despite certain evolutionist readings, criticized here, the concept of the axial age, whether used in a historical-philosophical or sociological key, contains cosmopolitan and plural assumptions and, as such, continues to be an important analytical resource for understanding the complexity and cultural diversity of past and present civilizations. (shrink)

O artigo realiza uma avaliação sobre os afastamentos reais do pensamento arqueológico de Foucault em relação à epistemologia histórica francesa. O objetivo é mostrar que as ideias de descontinuidade e recorrência da epistemologia de Canguilhem provocou efeitos decisivos sobre a arqueologia de Foucault. Mesmo se o arqueólogo do saber evoca uma nova maneira de praticar a história das ciências, a marca epistemológica de Canguilhem parece sempre estar presente.

Este artigo problematiza a concepção de mathesis universalis na filosofia de Edmund Husserl a partir de uma discussão sobre a noção de Mannigfaltigkeitslehre. Inicialmente, retoma-se a questão dos números “imaginários” e depois é repassado o contexto matemático que influenciou o desenvolvimento filosófico husserliano. Finalmente, a concepção de mathesis universalis é enquadrada nas referências históricas de Descartes e Leibniz para, finalmente, mostrar as implicações fenomenológicas próprias do pensamento de Husserl.

Modelos neurocognitivos têm sido propostos para investigar a consciência. O objetivo é responder à pergunta sobre como o cérebro é capaz de produzir estados conscientes qualitativos. Os modelos são representações teóricas baseadas em algumas pesquisas empíricas. Contudo, a questão central, aparentemente trivial para alguns autores, refere-se à representatividade e confiabilidade dos modelos, i.e., saber se são capazes de explicar como a consciência emerge de processos neurais. Esses modelos são considerados como guia no estudo científico da consciência: os modelos cognitivos de (...) Dennett e Baars, os modelos neurobiológicos de Edelman, Dehaene et al., de Damásio, e o modelo neurodinâmico proposto por Freeman. O presente texto visa a analisar a coerência e a plausibilidade dos modelos, i.e., se realmente explicam a “consciência” e suas propriedades em termos neurais ou se explicam apenas mecanismos neurobiológicos subjacentes no cérebro. O objetivo é avaliar escopo e limites dos modelos além da aplicabilidade na resolução do problema da consciência. Neurocognitive models are proposed in order to study the problem of consciousness. The models are attempts to answer the question of how the brain can generate conscious and qualitative states. Models are theoretical representations based on empirical data. Nonetheless, the central question concerns the reliability and the representativeness of the models, i.e., whether they in fact represent what they are supposed to explain, viz., how consciousness can emerge from neuronal processes. Such models are taken to be a guide for the scientific study of consciousness. Presently, there are six models: the multiple draft, the global workspace, the dynamic core, the global neuronal workspace, the somatic markers hypothesis, and the neurodynamic model. This text is a survey and a philosophical analysis of the models of consciousness, and it considers their plausibility and coherence. I will concentrate on two points: whether the neuroscientific models are able to explain ‘consciousness’ and its properties in neural terms, or whether the models only explain the neural correlates of conscious states, and the scope, limitations and applicability of the models in the attempt to solve the problem of consciousness. (shrink)

My argument is that the concept of social system itself is no longer a unique heritage of the human and social sciences. In other words, this is about the complexity or complexitation of the foundation of social sciences and its disciplines, that is: the idea of social systems itself. Therefore, I s..

In his autobiography, Skinner states that Walden Two was an anarchist society because no person was in control and the community was planned in such a way that institutions were not needed. Based on that statement, this article aims to evaluate an anarchist interpretation of Walden Two. The text is divided into 3 parts. The first part presents a definition of anarchism, covering its criticism of domination and a defense of self-managed society (anarchy). In the second part, some convergence points (...) of Walden Two and anarchism are indicated in 3 social spheres (economic, political, and cultural). The last part analyzes the divergences between the community described in Walden Two and an anarchist society, with an emphasis on the issue of Walden Two’s political inequality. It is concluded that the divergences between Walden Two and anarchism are decisive and prevent the community described in Skinner’s book from being classified as an anarchist one, and, therefore, they counter Skinner’s own statement. (shrink)

O artigo pretende mostrar a articulação apresentada por Hegel entre as noções de práxis material e trabalho na sua obra Fenomenologia do espírito e as noções de ideia prática e a ideia de Bem na sua obra Ciência da lógica. Inicialmente, será traçado um percurso histórico que a ideia de práxis cumpriu desde os pensadores da Antiguidade grega, passando pela Idade Média, quando no Renascimento, relativizam o privilégio da reflexão e da contemplação sobre a práxis material produtiva. Finalmente, chegaremos ao (...) pensamento de Hegel que dará dignidade plena à práxis material, igualando-a as atividades do espírito. (shrink)

O pensamento de Karl Marx sobre a subjetividade humana é pouco conhecido e divulgado na língua portuguesa, e, no Brasil, particularmente, carece ainda de um estudo amplo, explícito e sistemático. Meu artigo pretende esboçar uma reflexão mais completa de sua filosofia sobre a subjetividade humana, insistindo não somente na crítica, mas também, e especialmente, na compreensão da referida questão, a partir de uma leitura imanente e estrutural de suas obras, no original. Vale ainda ressaltar que minha investigação se apoia na (...) conexão entre subjetividade e objetividade , entre sujeito e objeto, inquirindo se há um determinismo da objetividade sobre a subjetividade, ou seja, se essas duas determinações são contraditórias no interior do pensamento marxiano, comprometendo, pois, as suas reflexões acerca da crítica à filosofia especulativa de Hegel e ao empirismo da economia clássica, ou se, na verdade, tal conexão é o segredo recôndito de sua filosofia sobre a subjetividade humana. (shrink)

Os projetos de psicologia científica enfrentam pelo menos duas ameaças. A primeira delas surge quando uma proposta de psicologia tenta seguir os cânones da ciência moderna. Nesse caso, torna-se necessário "objetivar o fenômeno psicológico", o que, geralmente, é feito por meio da sua tradução em termos fisiológicos. Mas, nesse ponto, a especificidade da psicologia é ameaçada pelo reducionismo fisiológico. A segunda ameaça aparece quando um projeto de psicologia tenta evitar o reducionismo fisiológico defendendo a natureza subjetiva irredutível do fenômeno psicológico. (...) No entanto, isso coloca uma série de dificuldades metodológicas. Dessa maneira, a segunda ameaça às propostas de psicologia científica é o mentalismo, que impõe limitações ao emprego do método científico. O presente ensaio tem o objetivo de mostrar como o projeto de psicologia científica de Tolman pode ser visto como uma alternativa a essas duas ameaças. Em primeiro lugar, examinamos em que medida a concepção de comportamento como fenômeno molar afasta Tolman do reducionismo fisiológico. Em seguida, analisamos algumas dificuldades decorrentes dessa proposta, em especial, as limitações inerentes à epistemologia realista - adotada inicialmente por Tolman. Por fim, apresentamos a proposta tolmaniana de superação dessas dificuldades: trata-se da analogia entre teorias científicas e mapas, que revela a adoção de uma epistemologia instrumentalista por Tolman. (shrink)

ABSTRACT The clinical encounter, as an inter-human relationship between the patient and their doctor, constitutes the arena where a clash between the worldviews of these agents can occur. Traditionally, the clinical encounter has been studied from an externalist perspective, extrinsic to the event itself, focusing on quantifiable outcomes. In his early texts, Bakhtin develops a philosophy of the act that remarkably suits the complexity of the clinical encounter. By combining elements of epistemology, gnoseology, axiology, and ontology in his architecture of (...) a world constructed intersubjectively, Bakhtin provides us with an almost perfect model for studying the clinical encounter. Therefore, in this article, we argue that understanding the clinical encounter as a responsible Bakhtinian act brings new and interesting perspectives to the understanding of this peculiar event from within, while also paving the way for a more ethical and humane type of medicine. (shrink)

O artigo trata da análise ockhamiana do tema da determinação da verdade nas proposições sobre o futuro contingente, segundo a formulação proposta por Aristóteles em De interpretatione, cap. 9, e de sua relação com o que é proposto sobre este assunto, segundo o próprio Ockham, “de acordo com a verdade e a fé”. A esse respeito, três pontos geralmente são levantados como possíveis decorrências desta leitura de Aristóteles: a assunção de que Ockham discordaria efetivamente da solução aristotélica, porque errônea; a (...) proposta de que Ockham tenha claramente vislumbrado na resposta aristotélica a indicação de uma lógica de três valores e, por fim, a recusa ockhamiana da tese da “necessidade do conseqüente”. Pretendemos mostrar aqui, porém, que apenas o último desses três pontos parece correto. (shrink)

The original article was published with errors. The corrections are provided here.

Resumen: Este artículo sostiene que la regla en el mundo social es el cambio, en todas las escalas de tiempo, sin ciclos ni periodicidades. Por consiguiente, el tema que emerge inmediatamente es la irregularidad del mundo. Si esto es cierto, deben ser posibles unas ciencias sociales irregulares. El mejor antecedente para una idea semejante se encuentra en la comprensión del propio Mandelbrot acerca de los fractales y multifractales. Las ciencias sociales tratan radicalmente, de fenómenos irrepetibles, singulares. Estos han sido llamados (...) como eventos raros. De esta suerte, una nueva epistemología emerge y es posible. Al final se muestra que existen nexos fuertes entre las ciencias sociales con la biología y la ecología. Pero en ese punto, el texto termina abierto.: This paper claims that change is the rule in the social world, in all scales of time, without cycles or periodic dynamics. Hereafter, the topic that immediately arises is the irregularity of the world. If this is true, then irregular social sciences are to be possible. The best antecedent of such an idea is to be found in Mandelbrot’s own understanding of fractals and multifractals. Thus, the social sciences radically deal with phenomena that are in no way repeated, for they are singular. Such events have been called as rare events. In thus tenure, a brand-new epistemology arises and is possible. At the end, some connections between the social sciences and biology and ecology are depicted. That, however, is where this text ends and remains open. (shrink)